“The waters, they received that germ primeval wherein the Gods were gathered all together. There, in the 10th mandala, Pradhana is mentioned as ‘unborn’.
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Samkhya philosophers map their doctrine even back to Rigveda.
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There is no doubt that Samkhya tenet of ‘sattva – rajas – tamas’ is indicated here. What is the basis of all these external objects (name & forms) are the three gunas/colors. External objects composed of the fire, water and earth are just names i.e., in name and form (namarupa) only. Those which are true are the three colors alone.” All transformation has speech as its basis, and it is name only. That which is the black color (of the gross fire), that is the color of (subtle) earth. That which is the white color (of the gross fire), that is of (subtle) water. “The red color that (gross) fire has, that is the color of (subtle) fire. There, it is described as three colors and three elements fire, water and earth. The origin of these gunas is in the Chandogya Upanishads, if not earlier. All things in the world, mental and physical, are composed of these three elements. Samkhya propose s three gunas by which all things are composed. The interrelation between them happens due to the ignorance in the Jiva, and when Jiva get enlightened by acquiring knowledge, Jiva realizes himself as pure Purusha. Samkhya posits an intelligent Purusha at one end, and the unintelligent Prakriti/Pradhana/Avyakta on the other end. It is generally believed that initially Samkhya philosophy was theistic in outlook, but later turned to atheistic. It is supposed to be formed in the end period of the composition of principle Upanishads. Samkhya philosophy is the oldest philosophy of India. Here is a modest attempt to show the influence of the Upanishads on the post-Upanishadic Indian Philosophies and religious systems. Be it Hindu, Buddhist, Jainist or Ajivika literature or philosophies, a serious reader will of course find the Upanishad ideas scattered here and there, in these literature. All of the literature and philosophies that came to prevalent, after the composition of Upanishads, have been tremendously influenced by the Upanishads and carries Upanishadic ideas in them. The Upanishads are a store house of various philosophical ideas. The Upanishads gives only secondary importance to meditation, bhakti and karma. Upanishads helps the aspirant to realize Brahman, the highest and ultimate reality, with the help of a guru/teacher. The main content of all of the Upanishads is ‘Brahma-vidya’. There are other important Upanishads outside this group, among which Kausitaki and Maitrayani Upanishads are of special important. They are Isa, Kena, Katha, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Mundaka, Mandukya, Prasna, Chandogya, Brihadaranyaka and Svetasvatara. It is generally held so because Sri Sankaracharya wrote commentaries for these eleven Upanishads. Also the beginning to the completion of Upanishads composition may span a wide period say 500 – 1000 years, minimum.Ĭommonly eleven Upanishads are considered as the ‘Principle Upanishads’. There are many Upanishads and they are composed not by a single sage, but by many.
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It is usually called as Vedanta (end part of Vedas). The Upanishads are those parts of Vedic literature that contains philosophical teaching.